Olton, J.T. Cosmides, who throughout her career has worked closely and published jointly with her husband, anthropologist John Tooby, is one of the founders of the sub-discipline known as evolutionary psychology (see the entry for David M. Buss, above). In 1961, he designed the famous (and controversial) Bobo Doll experiment, to demonstrate how aggressive behavior in young children may learned from adults. He has received awards too numerous to mention, including the William James Fellow Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Scientific Psychology. Gopnik, who has been much concerned with philosophical issues throughout her career, realized that this discovery gave substantial backing to the rationalist (or nature), side-against the empiricist (or nurture) sideof the venerable philosophical debate about the origins of human knowledge. In recent times behaviourists such as American psychologist John B. Watson moved away from consideration of the spiritual or mental and focused on observable human and animal behaviours and their relationship to the nervous system. A fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Member of the National Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), in 2009 Posner was awarded the National Medal of Science. In other work, Zimbardo has explored related themes regarding the social roots of individual pathology in such areas as shyness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Twin Studies - Psychology - Oxford Bibliographies - obo The problem consists both in teasing these contributions apart, and also in giving them a more specific theoretical characterization. Psychobiology - where mind meets matter | BPS Updates? Next, Haidt turned his attention to developing an empirically based typology of the moral emotions (moral foundations theory). Some of her other projects include philosophical reflection on the fact of embodiment for cognitive science, and critical approaches to understanding the history and current practice of psychology as a science. The third grade teacher developed an exercise, or better yet, a psychological experiment, to help her Caucasian students understand the . Biological Psychology - Simply Psychology The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Linehan has written that her Catholic faith played an important role in her own eventual recovery. Biological Psychologist: What They Are and What They Do He is currently Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. The technique has proved effective at fostering as sense of mutual reliance and team spirit in troubled school settings. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. Schmid Masts research has centered on how individuals in dominance hierarchies interact with one other, both how they perceive their social interaction partners-above them, below them, and on the same hierarchical level with themand how they communicate, both verbally and non-verbally. Perhaps most controversial of all, however, is Millers 2013 Edge article praising Chinas eugenics policy and by implication advocating a similar policy for the US. In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. John Watson: Quotes, Theories, & Contributions | StudySmarter Neurophilosophers, a world away from Descartes famous Cogito ergo sum speak contemptuously of "folk psychology", to be replaced as neuroscience progresses by an objective, rigorously defined brain language. When you realize there is nothing lacking the whole world belongs to . In addition to personality psychology, his ideas have been influential in the fields of business management and education. In later work, Kahneman began to incorporate evolutionary theory more explicitly into his work, developing a two-system, fast/slow model of human thinking. Lev Vygotsky was a contemporary of some better-known psychologists including Piaget, Freud, Skinner, and Pavlov, yet his work never achieved the same eminence during his lifetime. "There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." Shakespeare (Hamlet) Hamlet has the distinction of being the Shakespearian role with the largest number of lines. He is currently Professor of Psychology at Duke University and Co-Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. For these reasons, psychology as an academic discipline is exceptionally diverse. William James (1842-1910) (1872-1907) at Harvard Estabished Harvard's Psychology Department William James, philosopher and psychologist, was instrumental in establishing Harvard's psychology department, which at its inception was tied to the department of philosophy. He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. (The hippocampus is a structure within the limbic system of the brain, between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.) Banduras self-efficacy model is often considered to be a forerunner of todays popular cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). Gopnik has worked at the intersection of developmental psychology and cognitive science. As such, it is an academic discipline that is unique in the way it straddles the sciences (natural and social) and the humanities. Arielys work draws on insights from biological and cognitive psychology, on the one hand, and economics, on the other-in a burgeoning new field that has come to be known as behavioral economics. Agonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. Together, these two features constitute a way of observing ones own emotions as they come and go, without acting on them. His doctoral dissertation on the subject of language acquisition was supervised by Susan Carey. Note the studied equivocation in this formulation regarding the ontological status of the perceived world structure (one might well wonder what the point of such a close mapping might be, if perceived world structure did not in turn map closely onto real world structure). A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Who founded the biological approach to psychology? While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). However, like several other psychologists on this list, Barrett has come to see the value of interdisciplinary efforts to study the mind. Zimbardo is the author or co-author of well over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence-the ability to understand ones own and other peoples emotional states in any given situationis equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in ones interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. Other topics she has first researched during her academic career, and then presented to a broad audience during her career as a freelance writer, include the debunking of pop-psychology myths (such as the Freud-inspired myth that it is better to express ones anger than to hold it in check) and the role that cognitive dissonance plays in our mental economy (often causing us to reject new evidence that does not fit in with our current beliefs). For example, he has used electrooculography (EOG) technology, which precisely tracks eye movements using a set of electrodes surrounding the eyes, to create a new research protocol that bears his name. Rosch was born in New York City in 1938. While his ideas were often controversial, his concept of the unconscious mind has had a deep and lasting influence on psychology. Shepard, Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science [PDF], Science, 1987, 237(4820): 13171323. Nadels work on the neurological bases of Down Syndrome has led to novel therapeutic interventions that have enhanced the quality of life of Down patients, and for which he has received recognition in the form of the National Down Syndrome Societys Award for Research and the Sisley-Lejeune International Prize for Research on Intellectual Disability. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. He returned to Israel with his family when he was three years old, and grew up in the town of Ramat HaSharon. 23. He is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. Schmid Mast was born in 1965 in the small town of Olten in Switzerland, about halfway between Basel and Zurich. Behavioral economics examines the same subject matter as economicschoice and decision-making under conditions of scarcitybut relaxes the central assumption of mainstream economics, which is that human beings are rational agents who may be counted on to act in their own best interests. After graduation, Lewis taught for a while, before qualifying as a Chartered Psychologist and setting up in private practice, where, building upon his graduate school studies, he specialized in treating phobias and anxiety. focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. In 2003, Kurzban founded the Pennsylvania Laboratory for Experimental Evolutionary Psychology (PLEEP) at the University of Pennsylvania, which he continues to serve as Director. Turrigiano's work on understanding the human nervous system makes her one of the most notable professionals of brain science. These findings were revolutionary in several respects, not least in light of their cross-modal character (vision and proprioception), which implied the existence of a highly developed innate cognitive faculty in newborns. She has also published a number of articles and books of a pedagogical nature in both languages. She is currently Professor of Psychology and Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, and Director of that universitys Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics. During this time, he pioneered a new type of therapy called neurofeedback, whereby patients monitor their own brain states in real time in response to various positive and negative stimuli, eventually learning to improve control over their emotions. Some of the earliest and most famous examples of the biological perspective is ideas brought forth by Charles Darwin. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. Zimbardo was born in New York City in 1933. A biological psychologist performs several responsibilities in their job role, including: Conducting research studies on human sensory processes. In a nutshell, his main finding is that the objective aspect of peoples lives most strongly correlated with subjective well-being is social ties. This work has given rise to various screening techniques (some of which have been adopted by the Transportation Security Administration) which Ekman claims provide us with the best lie detection technology available today. The method of electrolytic lesions involves the destruction of neural tissue by the use of electric run through. Monitor on Psychology, 33 (7), p.29. Through his many students, honorary lectures, prizes, and fellowships, Gilberts ideas have won widespread recognition from his peers, while his bestseller, Stumbling on Happiness, as well as his many popular essays, television appearances, and TED talks, have carried his message effectively to a very broad popular audience. Below, we take a look at seven famous psychological experiments that greatly influenced the field of psychology and our understanding of human behavior. Most commonly, these manipulations and measurements concern non-human subjects. He also believed that human beings follow the same trend. In 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "TheIn 1977, the American pathologist and psychiatrist George Engel (1913-1999) published in the Journal Science his paper "Theneed for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedic It was to the confluence of these dual streams of ancient meditative practice and modern neuroscience that he owed the breakthrough work that was soon to come. After his military service in the Israeli Defense Forces, Kahneman went to the US, where he received his Ph.D. in psychology in 1961 from the University of California, Berkeley. Autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. (Early in her career, she published under the name Eleanor Rosch Heider.) ", Kaas, J.H. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and a Charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society. Pointing to the drastic decline in all the metrics of young peoples skills and behavior during this period, he argues that parents, schools, and others who have consciously discarded the commonsense attitudes and practices that had prevailed for centuries, putting a much more permissive set of rules and structures in their place, are in large part responsible for this decline. Kurzban has applied similar reasoning to other phenomena such as cooperation, morality, and mate choice (drawing out implications for modern speed dating!). These psychologists made incredible discoveries about human behavior and provided insightful information. Zimbardos research has focused on the way individual behavior is conditioned by structural social factors. The good news is that since the so-called set-point for subjective well-being appears not to be immutable, therapeutic intervention may potentially be beneficial. On the one hand, as Sigmund Freud would have been the first to acknowledge, a wealth of psychological insight is contained in the myths and epic poetry of ancient peoples (think of Esaus envy, Medeas hatred, Didos despair), as well as in the literature of more recent times (Lady Macbeths ambition and Satans pride in Paradise Lost; Madame Bovarys boredom and Charles Swanns jealousy). After graduating, she taught psychology at UCLA and the New School for Social Research. List of Famous Psychologists - Biographies, Timelines, Trivia & Life In other words, the hippocampus seemed to store a schematic map of the animals environment. The idea behind social constructivism is that for human beings reality is neither given by the physical world nor conjured up by the individual mind, but rather constructed collectively by a given society or culture. Evolutionary psychology traces its roots back to sociobiology, the term proposed by Edward O. Wilson in his landmark 1975 study of the same name on the evolution of eusociality-strongly cooperative societies in which individuals regularly sacrifice themselves for the good of the group. This particular approach is known as the biopsychosocial model (Figure 1.16). His work has been widely influential, but also controversial. Traditional economic theory had always assumed that human beings are rational actors, which means they can generally be relied upon to act in ways they perceive as furthering their own best interests. Bandura is the author or co-author of around 350 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology. He and his family spent time in an Italian internment camp during the war, but after the war was over he was able to complete his secondary school education in Rome. One of the earliest textbooks in the new field, The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology: Bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain-experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which Psychology need take account. A John's Hopkins University professor, Dr. John B. Watson, and a graduate student wanted to test a learning process called classical conditioning. Rutter is the author or co-author of more than 400 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of some 40 books. Bandura has been .more Anatol Rapoport Dec. at 95 (1911-2007) Birthplace: Lozova, Ukraine biological psychology the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions and the reciprocal relations between biological and psychological processes. She received her bachelors degree in social relations in 1971 from Radcliffe College (where she worked with Jerome Kagan), and her Ph.D. in psychology in 1978 from Cornell University (where she studied under Eleanor Gibson). Dr. Andrew Meltzoff: Born Learning (CGTN America [China Global Television Network], January 2, 2016). Contemporary biopsychology links psychology and biology. Anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. Also considered are physical factors that directly affect the nervous system, including heredity, metabolism, hormones, disease, drug ingestion, and diet. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Some schools of psychology are almost strictly Darwinian, such as ethological psychology (the most famous 20th century ethological psychologist is Konrad Lorenz) and evolutionary psychology. Seligman was born in Albany, New York, in 1942. In addition to receiving numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 1985 Rutter was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and in 1987 he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society(FRS). Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological eventsor, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. In the dualism of French philosopher Ren Descartes, both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body. In this respect, Shepard long sought a universal law of generalizationa theory of the way the mind generalizes from past experience to new situationswhich he considered to be the Holy Grail of learning theory in cognitive psychology. He further argues that fundamentally happy people are able to tap into their capacity for flow on a regular basis. 2.1 Biological Psychology - Introduction to Psychology Study Conducted in 1968 in an Iowa classroom. The problem is that we are not very good at affective forecasting, which is beset by the kind of cognitive fallacies and illusions studied by several other psychologists on this list (Dan Ariely, Daniel Kahneman). Leda Cosmidess UC-Santa Barbara website. Jonathan Haidt, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail [PDF]: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment, Psychological Review, 2001, 108: 814834. This involves a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. The 25 Most Influential Psychological Experiments in History Unlike other subdivisions within biological psychology, the main focus of physiological psychological research is the development of theories that explain brain-behavior relationships rather than the development of research that has translational value. 20 April 2015. Csikszentmihlyi popularized this idea in his 1990 best-seller, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Berridge was born in 1957. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. Ekman has published some 170 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 15 books. Asch, Solomon - Conformity Experiment. This allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. She obtained her Ph.D. in 1993 from the University of Connecticut, where she was attached to the Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action (CESPA), one of the foremost centers in the world for ecological psychology-the discipline founded by James J. Gibson that is devoted to the study of cognition as a feature of an embodied agent situated in its environment. This information, in turn, can be used in a wide variety of ways, in both clinical and experimental settings. Although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including: In the past, physiological psychologists received much of their their training in psychology departments in major universities. He has focused on developing a systematic theoretical framework, both for conducting empirical research on religion and psychology and for developing assessments and interventions of practical relevance to helping professionals. A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. Nevertheless, one thing is certain: academic influence doesnt come much greater than this. 10. Educational psychology is a subfield in psychology focusing on learning, teaching, cognitive development, and other psychological aspects in the classroom setting. As the name suggests, biopsychology explores how our biology influences our behavior. The End of Psychology? IAI TV Discover schools with the programs and courses youre interested in, and start learning today. Pargament has courted controversy by questioning the overwhelmingly rejectionist status quo of the psychology profession, and by maintaining that religious training, preferably along pluralistic lines, ought to be a mandatory component of the education of psychotherapists. Famous Interviews with Joe Dimino - Mental Health Advocate & Writer 11. Thus, he has situated himself at a point of intersection among the social, cognitive, personality, and clinical sub-fields of psychology. Omissions? Pargament was born in Washington, DC, in 1950. In a nutshell, he attempts to identify the selective advantage of particular human social behavioral traits in the context of our environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA).
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