Aggregative Consequentialism = which consequences are best is some function of the values of parts of those consequences (as opposed to rankings of whole worlds or sets of consequences). Facial recognition software success rates for the identification of 3D surface reconstructed facial images: implications for patient privacy and security. Hughes N. Google takes aim at controversial, stringent Illinois biometric privacy law. Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. No one desires the strife of war in life, but it is sometimes necessary and morally justified to engage in war. The Survival Lottery thought experiment highlights that there are actions which we consider morally right or wrong regardless of the amount of happiness or welfare produced. Clinical Informatics News. John Stuart Mill, a student of Benthams, disagreed. FRT tools that assist with identification, monitoring, and diagnosis are expected to play a prominent role in the future of health care.6,18 Some applications have already been implemented.13,19 As FRT is increasingly utilized in health care settings, informed consent will need to be obtained not only for collecting and storing patients images but also for the specific purposes for which those images might be analyzed by FRT systems.20 In particular, patients might not be aware that their images could be used to generate additionally clinically relevant information. https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. P2. In one moment Jim goes from being a tourist in a foreign country to becoming a murderer for the sake of morality. Privacy and data protection are thought to present challenges for the use of FRT for health applications. How can we perceive and address ethical challenges in public health practice and policy? Int J Lang Commun Disord. Would you like email updates of new search results? Core values versus common sense: consequentialist views appear less rooted in morality. Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. John Stuart Mill, one of the foremost Utilitarian moral theorists, sums up Utilitarianism as follows: "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." 80 Any account of Utilitarianism will have two central tenets. Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. So what exactly is wrong with it? The committee evaluates the impact of relationships on health care. Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. For consequentialism this is not a problem, as the individual is just a mechanism for maximising overall happiness; they are instrumental. What are the arguments against consequentialism? Some machine learning systems need continuous data input to train and improve the algorithms22 in a process that could be analogized to quality improvement research, for which informed consent is not regarded as necessary.23 For example, to improve its algorithms, FRT for genetic diagnosis would need to receive new data sets of images of patients already known to have specific genetic disorders.2 To maintain trust and transparency with patients, organizations should consider involving relevant community stakeholders in implementing FRT and in decisions about establishing and improving practices of informing patients about the organizations use of FRT. 8600 Rockville Pike It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma: A person should choose the action that maximises good consequences. We've updated our privacy policy. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. (2). What matters in this example is saving the highest number of lives, and how this is attained is unimportant. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. iEthics: An Interprofessional Ethics Curriculum. In this chapter, we will begin by defining consequentialism, and contrasting it with deontology. MedCity News. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. The consequentialism theory suggests that the correct moral response is related to the . Relationships among moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. AWB. health goal (including socioeconomic goals) identified by a legitimate public health authority. 01 December 2016. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. 8600 Rockville Pike Would you like email updates of new search results? Some statutes that protect health information might not apply to FRT. Utilitarianism would permit a doctor to allow Patient A to die and for their organs to be used to save the lives of the other five patients. PMC Consequentialism teaches that people should do whatever produces the greatest amount of good consequences. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. LinkedIn and 3rd parties use essential and non-essential cookies to provide, secure, analyze and improve our Services, and (except on the iOS app) to show you relevant ads (including professional and job ads) on and off LinkedIn. Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. Consequentialism requires that the agent should step outside herself, as it were, and assess the consequences not in terms of prior commitments, but just on the results produced. Participants and context: Participants were interviewed about their contribution to the resolution of ethical dilemmas within the context of working in an acute hospital ward. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Accessed August 1, 2018. In this way, consequentialism ethics provide criteria for the moral evaluation of actions, while also recommending rules or decision-making criteria for future actions. Utilitarianism and Consequentialism - The GM Bailout Informed consent. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. Much of medical law is consequentialist in nature. government site. Front Psychol. Philos Public Aff. This structure means that the ends often justify the means when seeking to create a specific result. 2000 Mar;2(1):29-41. Conclusion: Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. Forbes. Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. But in Jims case his pain at killing one person is a relatively minor consideration when the very lives of nineteen others (and the happiness of their families and friends) is at stake. Consequentialism is a normative ethics theory whereby the ends justify the means; in other words, the consequence of an action justifies the moral acceptability of an action of the means taken to reach that end. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. Applying Utilitarianism in Business. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. The effects of a person's actions judge if it was right or wrong. Non-consequentialism, the person as an end-in-itself, and the significance of status. Ethics - Introduction to ethics: Consequentialism - Logo of the BBC HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. Utilitarianism judges consequences by a greatest good for the greatest number standard. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. In this particular case, a foreign power decides to hear the cries of the oppressed and begins to lend its diplomatic and political support to make a moral claim for whatever sort of intervention to resolve the conflict. The .gov means its official. Accessed July 31, 2018. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology arXiv. 2018;12:300. The foregoing are just a sample of the ethical approaches a healthcare professional may adopt in practice and it may be argued that there are three main moral theories from which these approaches may, in part, spring, namely virtue ethics, deontology and consequentialism. Medical News Today. Ethics Med Public Health. The relatively small, single-site sample may not account for the effects of organisational culture on the results; the findings suggested that professional relationships were key to resolving ethical dilemmas. It is not unreasonable to say that in this example you should pause your duck feeding and jump in to save the child. Ethical theories (1) The correct moral decision or response is made by: Consequentialism: considering the outcomes, or consequences, of the act, NOT its intentions or motives. For a theory often touted as promoting happiness, this is a problem. Principlism is a commonly used ethical approach in healthcare and biomedical sciences. Consequentialists may try to respond by arguing that alienation and taking an impersonal standpoint can be a virtue, but this seems a high price to pay if the agent is expected to disregard her most fundamental relationships, leaving her deeply unhappy. Findings: Nursing and euthanasia: A narrative review of the nursing ethics Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . Because it counted every persons pleasure or pain as the same, regardless of age, wealth, race, etc. Epub 2020 Mar 30. Many forms of consequentialism have been proposed that attempt to deal with the issue of comparing moral value. https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app. If such a public health goal (e .g., herd immunity, protecting the most vulnerable, protecting the capacity of the acute health care system) can be achieved with less co ercive -1- COVID-19 and mandatory vaccination: Ethical considerations and caveats Like above, what sorts of consequences are morally good and what sorts are morally bad need to be . Surgical nurses' perceptions of ethical dilemmas, moral distress and quality of care. Ethical Decisions in Health Care - Catholic Health Association of the Consequentialism is a normative ethical theory, which means, it is a theory about ethical action and a proposed method for deciding how one should choose the right ethical act. PPTX PowerPoint Presentation The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. Select Accept to consent or Reject to decline non-essential cookies for this use. In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. Roughly speaking, the consequentialist believes that outcomes are all that matter, and that people should therefore endeavor to act so as to produce the best consequences, based on an impartial perspective as to what is best. Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy. 5 Health Care Ethics - Critical Issues for the 21st Century; Eileen E. Morrison ; About the . Washington Post. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. PMC Consequentialism focuses on promoting the best consequences, but what kind of consequences are the best? Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine - PubMed Patient privacy. Perhaps it can in some way be quantified, so that if carrying out some act would damage the integrity of the individual so grievously that the maximum utility could be reached only if they failed to act, then not acting would be the right thing to do. Our Biometric Future: Facial Recognition Technology and the Culture of Surveillance. 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . MeSH Given its insistence on summing the benefits and harms of all people, utilitarianism asks us to look beyond self-interest to consider impartially the interests of all persons affected by our actions. Application of Consequentialism and Rights Approach Immanuel Kant started developing deontology after he was inspired by the movement called the Enlightenment, which emphasized human reason and individual autonomy. Wired. Consequentialism's definition merely. Automated depression diagnosis based on facial dynamic analysis and sparse coding. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. . Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . So whilst both acts are morally abhorrent, the consequentialist will inevitably say that if these are the only options available then not only should we choose to massacre seven million, but that it would be right to do so. To do so, lets look at a current example of limited resources, such as ventilators, in hospitals during the Covid-19 outbreak and how we may decide which patients should be allocated these resources. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. Wellcome TrustFunded Monographs and Book Chapters. The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. Williams example shows that consequentialism disregards the agents own personal commitments and allows for negative responsibility. In this example: A hospital has limited capacity to deal with Covid-19 patients and is having to decide between admitting a 20 year old patient, who is fit and well, and a 75 year old patient, who has a history of heart disease, to their last available ventilator. Accessed January 13, 2018. National Library of Medicine Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). Climate Change Indicators: Health and Society | US EPA New technology may provide the answer. This helps prevent a surge of infected patients in the existing healthcare facilities. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the local National Research Ethics Committee. 124). Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Knight W. Theres a big problem with AI: even its creators cant explain how it works. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. Applying Utilitarianism in Business - Academic Writers Bureau 2014 Nov;40(11):1529-42. doi: 10.1177/0146167214551154. MobiHealthNews. and hey presto! The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. Handb Clin Neurol. We will close by outlining the areas where consequentialism is at odds with current medical law and how medical law should evolve according to consequentialism.
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