There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. 2003). Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). Benefits. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. Religion. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. What group(s) were you in? Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. You can help your child work on Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). Give examples of how each works. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. Socialization They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Such embedded practices are lining up, doing homework, taking tests, and being evaluated. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. 2007). Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). 4.3 Agents of Socialization Sociology - University of Minnesota This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). An internal committee comprised of the principal, two students, and two teachers hear all infractions of the rules. incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. Examples As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. The peer groupconsists of individuals of a similar age and social identity. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. 9. 8. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. Socialization Research Paper Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. 2010). What reasons have parents given for home schooling their children? Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Social Rules and Expectations for Children | Understood Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada.
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